Exam 2 Review Session

• Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules
• Fixed: stays the same
• Fixed Interval- set time period
•  Fixed Ratio - set quantity
• Variable: varies each time
• Variable Interval- unpredictable time period each time
• 10 minutes then 4 seconds
• Variable Ratio- unpredictable amount of number each time
• 4 then 7 then 3
• most resistant to extinction
• Top-Down processing vs Bottom-Up processing ( Happens Simultaneously)
• Bottom-Up = Sensory info----Memory
• Processing raw sensory info
• Sensation
• Top-Down = Perceiving info----- assign Meaning
• Thinking, Memory, Attention
• Perception
• Recency vs Primary Effect - Serial Position effect
• Primary - 1st things remembered; Longest Time to process info
• Recency- Last things remembered; Most Fresh
• Retrograde Amnesia vs Antregrade Amnesia
• Antregrade- new memories cannot be formed
• damage to Hippocampus
• left - verbal memories
• right - visual memories
• also can be cause by damage to prefrontal cortex
• Korsakoff’s syndrom
• Confabulations
• Retrograde - old memories can't be retrieved
• Interference
• Proactive - old info affects learning of new info
• locker combination
• Retroactive - new info takes place of old info
• forget old telephone number 
• Heuristics
• Availability - readily available then it must happen often
• Difference Threshold (JND) vs Absolute Threshold
• JND
• minimum difference we can detect half of the time
• e.g. someone changing volume of music
• Weber's Law
• JND measured in proportion % rather than an amount
• 1 ounce to 10 ounce weight - noticed; 1 ounce to 100 ounce - unnoticed
• Absolute Threshold
• minimum amount of stimulus needed to detect something half of the time
• predicting something being there; e.g. hearing distant sounds
• varies with age
• Subliminal Messaging
• doesn't work in everyday life
• TV media violence
• can't say there's a causation
• can say there's a definite relationship with large-size effect
• makes violence more accessible in mind
• Intelligence Theories
• g = Spearman
• factor analyses multiple = Thurstone
• Thurnstone and Spearman Hierarchical agreement
• 8 Intelligences = Gardner
• Savant Syndrome = Gardner
• 3 Aspects of Intelligence = Sternberg
• Analytical
• Creative
• Practical
• 5 Concepts of Creativity = Sternberg