Thursday, April 12, 2012

4/12: Personality - Eysenck and Big Five; Social Psychology Part 1

Eysenck

  • Introversion/Extroversion (1)
    • Introvert (I) - quieter, reserved, routine, to themselves
    • Extrovert (E)- louder, sociable, unpredictable, needs others
  • Emotional Stability/Instability (2)
  • 4 Types of People 
    • Sanguine
    • Phlegmatic
    • Melancholic
    • Choleric
  • Eysenck's Theory
    • I = higher level of stimulation ARAS
    • E= lower level of stimulation
    • Gale's Optimal level = apt stimulation for task wanted
  • Eysenck's Theory Revised
    • I = More Arousability
      • NOT higher level
Big 5

  • O.C.E.A.N.
    • Openess
      • curious novel ideas, unconventional
    • Conscientiousness
      • organization, plan-oriented, meticulous 
    • Extraversion
      • extrovert/introvert
    • Agreeableness
      • cooperative, accommodating, no conflict
    • Neuroticism
      • sadness, anxiety
  • Big 5 Criticisms
    • Openess = Troublesome 5th factor
      • content and replicability
      • many different labels
    • Not necessarily Comprehensive: other traits such as masculinity suggested
  • Evaluating Personality Inventories
    • Pros
      • Easier, cheaper and faster to administer than Projective
      • Objectively scored and standardized
      • Appear = Greater Reliability and Validity
        • not highly valid= can't analyze from MMPI alone
    • Cons
      • Tests fail to allow cultural differences in responses
      • Measured traits cannot be directly examined
Social Psychology

  • Definition: study of how we think about, influence, and relate to each other
    • Power of:
      • Situation
      • Person
    • Importance of Cogntition
  • Focuses on 
    • Interpersonal level of analysis
    • 'Normal' populations; reaction of average individual to situation
  • Empirical - experiments, data
  • Social Influence and Conformity
    • Social Influence: how other people and groups influences individual's behavior
      • 3 types of changing one's behavior
        • Conformity: consistent with Group Norms
          • least coercive
        • Compliance: Direct Request
        • Obedience: Order from Authority Figure
          • most coercive
  • Conformity
    • Two Reasons Why
      • Informational influence
      • Normative influence
  • Informational social influence
    • others = source of info
    • desire to be right
    • believe others can interpret ambiguous situation
      • others can help us choose apt course of action
    • Sherif, 1936
      • Autokinetic effect - how fast light moved
      • Asked how fast moving
        • First alone
        • Later in groups
          • call out estimates
      • Results: people's answers converged
    • When Conform
      • Situation = Ambiguous
        • most crucial variable
      • Situation = Crisis
        • limited time, others intensify panic
      • Others = Experts
        • looked to; not always reliable
  • Normative social influence
    • Social norms: implicit/explicit rules for acceptable behavior
    • Greatest Influence
      • Uncertain Conditions
      • Similar Source
      • Concerned about Relationship with Source
    • Most Salient norm = Influence behavior
    • How react to unambiguous stimuli?
      • Asch study = one seen @ class with confederates saying wrong answer on line comparisons
        • 76% conformed with wrong answer at least wrong
        • Didn't want to look foolish; knew right answer though
        • How do we know this isn't informational social conformity?
          • Private responding = didn't conform
  • Why do we Conform?
    • Informational influence: others' behavior ---> info
      • More Ambiguity-----> More Likely Conform
      • Leads to Private Acceptance
    • Normative influence: Social Approval
      • Asch studies
      • Leads to Public Compliance
  • Normative Social Influence in our Lives
    • Social Influence and Women's Body Image
      • Social Influence: Women from Heavier----->Thinner
        • eating disorder
    • Social Influence and Men's Body Image
      • Social Influence: Men Stronger
        • steroids, aggression
  • Consequences of Not Conforming
    • Convincing Deviant to Conform, e.g. 1st = Talking; 2nd = Punishing; 3rd = Ignoring
    • Remain Deviant = Social Rejection
    • Idiosyncratic credits
      • allowed to deviate a little if conformed a lot
  • Power of Obedience
    • Crimes of Obedienc
      • The Nazis, A few Good men
    • Milgram's Shock generator
      • recruit via newspaper
      • confederate = participant in disguise
        • expresses concern about heart condition
      • confederate gets answers wrong------>participant shocks confederate
      • Shock Recipient (recorded response)
        • interjects----> owww----> begs to leave due to heart----->absolute silence
      • Absolute silence: no response = wrong response -----> Shock
        • Obeyed up to Very Strong Shock
        • Over 60% shocked person at Death level
      • Results of Obedience Levels:
        • Research Command = 65%
        • Fellow Subject Command = 20%
        • Victim Command = 0%
        • Two Researchers w/ Contrary Commands = 0%
      • Message: Authority's Order = Crucial
  • Why do we Obey Authority Figures?
    • Motivation Choose Correctly
    • Authorities = Experts
      • Short-cut ---> Choosing Correctly
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